Organizational Turnover And Relationships to the Distribution of Dissertation

Organizational Turnover And Relationships to the Distribution of Information - Dissertation Example It is evident from the study that it is expected that every business will face organizational turnover. This is based on gaps in the workflow, changes which alter the way in which many work and developments required for business growth. The responses by workers create different responses and levels of motivation as well as empowerment that lead to turnover rates. It may also lead to the organization deciding to take a change in the human assets which are used within a company. Even though organizational turnover is expected, the production of a company may have difficulties with the changes. Each of the employees in a company is considered an asset because of knowledge and production. If the turnover continues to increase with new employment, then it becomes similar to losing the assets of the company. The rate of turnover that occurs in a company is linked to the level of empowerment from the organization, the organizational environment, and elements that are associated with the dyn amics of the workforce. The importance of turnover rates also creates a question of what an organization should do to decrease the rate. There are specific changes which are required to change the rates of organizational turnover, specifically so human assets continue to assist with the increase of production and growth within an organization. It is noted that knowledge distribution is a main factor that contributes to organizational turnover rates. ... .......31 Population, Sampling and data Collection Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..32 Validity – Internal and External†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........32 Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........33 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦33 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..34 Chapter 1: Introduction It is expected that every business will face organizational turnover. This is based on gaps in the workflow, changes which alter the way in which many work and developments required for business growth. The responses by workers create different responses and levels of motivation as well as empowerment that lead to turnover rates. It may also lead to the organization deciding to take a change in the human assets which are used within a company (Fix, 2006). Even though organizational turnover is expected, the production of a company may have difficulties with the changes. Each of the employees in a company is considered an asset because of knowledge and production. If the turnover continues to increase with new employment, then it becomes similar to losing the assets of the company. The rate of turnover that occurs in a company is linked to the level of empowerment from the organization, the organizational environment, and elements that are associated with the dynamics of the workforce. The importance of turnover rates also cre ates a question of what an organization should do to decrease the rate. There are specific changes which are required to change the rates of organizational turnover, specifically so human

The critical thinking Essay Example for Free

The critical thinking Essay With the intention to test the critical thinking ability of the people, the focus will be to ensure that everybody who took part in the test understood it. This allows all respondents to answer the questions based on how they are able to interpret what they have read. Nelson’s use of a write up gives an opportunity for each respondent to analyze the passage, understand it and respond to it. This supports Facione, Facione and Giancarlo’s measurement of reliability by the use of paper and pencil method to conduct the test (2000). Also, the use of elementary vocabulary gives a large number of people the opportunity to participate in this test at the same time. A content-related validity clearly shows in its result. According to Facione et al, there are no restrictions to the content on which the test can be based, (2000), the focus therefore, will be on the items that are used in the test. In this test, Nelson was able to develop thirty two (32) items with which he conducted the test. Based on the fact that Nelson wanted a wide range of people to understand the test and also respond appropriately, he used basic vocabularies. This, in essence, made it possible for people to be tested, not according to their language skills but according to their critical thinking ability. Hence, the criterion-related validity is established. In the use of a 32 multi-choice questions wherein there are more than one correct answers, Nelson gave respondents the opportunity to think outside the norm. The implication of this is that each respondent has to be certain about the answers. The comparison of different tests does not have a direct correlation with the content of the test because the items in consideration were not detailed. Detailed information of the items in consideration could have given the test comparison a more valid result. REFERENCES Facione, Peter A. , Santa Clara University; Facione, Noreen C. , University of California San Francisco; Giancarlo, Carol A. , Santa Clara University. (2000). The Disposition Toward Critical Thinking: Its Character, Measurement, and Relationship to Critical Thinking Skill. Informal Logic, 20(1), 61-84

Democracy Rising? Essay -- International Politics

Since America's tragedy on September 11, 2001 the Middle East has been the epicenter of international attention. Cries for democracy and freedom in the region have permeated the western media. When Iraq was found to be devoid of the Weapons of Mass Destruction, bringing democracy to the country became the new reason for the war. Nearly every first world country in the world is a democracy if not in name then in practice. It would be forgivable to think that democracy is the cause of wealth, civil liberties, and all the things associated with first world countries, for there is almost no wealthy nation today that is not a de facto democracy. However while democracy is undoubtedly a tremendous invention of mankind and works well in many nations that, does not mean it is universally correct and should be applied to every nation in the world. For if democracy were forced upon many Middle Eastern nations it would not be a harbinger of increased civil liberties, wealth, and peace, b ut a step towards secular extremist regimes, far less friendly to each other and the west than their moderate authoritarian predecessors. In the early nineteenth century after world war one, the Ottoman Empire collapsed. It encompassed much of the middle east and Arab world, the League of Nations, a group of imperialist western nations which had fought on the winning allied side during the war had grand intentions of preventing future wars. However some of their actions are credited with directly leading to the second world war. One of their mandates that would have grim consequences for future generations was ratified in the Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, this treaty effectively divvied up the middle east into new colonies for the victorious Eu... ...rative Political Studies 43.11 (2010): 1442-1470. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. Falk, Richard. "America's Pro-Iraqi Neutrality." Nation 231.13 (1980): 398-401. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. Guida, Michelangelo. "The New Islamists' Understanding of Democracy in Turkey: The Examples of Ali Bulac and Hayreddin Karaman." Turkish Studies 11.3 (2010): 347-370. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 7 Dec. 2010. Tibi, Bassam. "Islamism and Democracy: On the Compatibility of Institutional Islamism and the Political Culture of Democracy." Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 10.2 (June 2009): 135-64. Print. Weiffen, Brigitte. "The Cultural-Economic Syndrome: Impediments to Democracy in the Middle East."Comparative Sociology 3.3/4 (2004): 353-375. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 7 Dec. 2010.

Crushing the Native Americans

After the Civil War, Indians inhabited almost half of the United States. White Americans were urged to move west and settle, not taking regard that Native Americans already lived there. By the late 1800s most Indians had lost their land and had been driven onto reservations. Eastern Indians had already been forced to the west. A number of tribes weren't cooperative with moving onto reservations and changing their customs. This caused many battles between whites and Native Americans.During the Gold Rush of 1849, a lot of Native Americans were killed by white disease and minors burning their villages. These events were significant because they contributed to an up rise between white Americans and Indians. On November 29, 1864, Colonel John M. Chivington led an attack on the Cheyeane and Arapaho. They killed and scalped men, women, and children. I believe this was important because it showed the disregard for the tribes and how ruthless the whites were against them, but also warranted a treaty. The Fetterman massacre that took place in December 1866 was a big part of theSioux War of 1865-1867. Red Cloud, the Sioux Chief, lured Fetterman's army into an ambush and wiped out all of them. This took place again because of gold rush invasion and only shows the results of someone trying to take another's homeland. http://www. indians. org/articles/native-american-indians. html The Native American Indians were forced out of their homeland, resulting in many issues and events including the Trail of Tears. Most of them eventually converted to the European way of life by dressing the same and changing their religion to Christianity.

Kodak and Fujifilm

Kodak and Fujifilm Kodak and Fujifilm are well known companies in the households in the United States and across the world. Few people know the actual history of both companies and the competition they have been in over the years. It’s an interesting history on how both companies started and how they have developed and challenged each other over the years. George Eastman, who was the founder of Kodak, started his business career as a 14-year old boy when he had to quit school and work to support his mother and two sisters. Mr.Eastman had a gift for organization and management while his lively and inventive mind made him a successful entrepreneur by his mid-twenties. What sparked the idea of a simple camera was that his coworker suggested he make a record of his vacation to Santo Domingo. As a result, he became absorbed with photography and wanting to simplify the photography process. Eastman started Kodak in 1880 and built it on four basic principles: mass production at low co st, international distribution, extensive advertising, and a focus on the customer.Later on he added the following policies: foster growth and development through continuing research, treat employees in a fair, self-respecting way, and reinvest profits to build and extend the business. Mr. Eastman started the company by manufacturing dry plates for sale to photographers. One mishap almost shut down the company when dry plates that were sold went bad. Eastman came up with a quick solution to recall the bad plates and replace them with a good product. His quick thinking saved the company and the company’s reputation.Mr. Eastman began experiments that focused on the use of a lighter and more flexible support than glass. He began advertising to the public to look out for a new product that will prove an economical and convenient substitute for glass dry plates for outdoors and studio work. Once he started perfecting the transparent roll film and the roll holder, Eastman realized he would have to reach out to the general public and amateur photography. The Kodak camera debuted in 1888. They developed the slogan â€Å"you press the button, we do the rest. Kodak made the process of taking and developing pictures easy and accessible to nearly everyone. Kodak has led the way with a plentitude of new products and processes that makes photography simpler, more useful and enjoyable. The company Kodak has grown to be is known not only for photography but also for images used in leisure, commercial, entertainment and scientific applications. They are constantly developing technology to combine images and information which is creating the potential to greatly change how businesses and people communicate.Eastman’s goal was to make photography â€Å"as convenient as the pencil† while Kodak is continuing to expand the ways images touch people’s lives. Kodak continues to rank as a premier multinational corporation and with a brand that is recognized in nearly every country. Kodak has been involved in technological innovation throughout the motion picture industry as well as the health imaging industry, document imaging, printing and publishing, and space exploration. Mr. Eastman believed employees should have more than good wages. He believed that worker’s goodwill and loyalty contributed to the prosperity of an organization.Eastman started the â€Å"Wage Dividend† in which each employee benefited from the yearly dividend on the company stock above his or her wages. The wage dividends represented a large part of the company’s net earnings; the wage dividends were viewed as an innovation. To show even more appreciation to his employees, Eastman gave one-third of his own holdings of company stock to his employees. He also provided them with a retirement annuity, life insurance and disability benefit plans. (History of Kodak) Fujifilm was established in 1934 in Japan.Fujifilm has established itself as a leader in in the motion picture photography, videotape, audio tape and floppy disc industries. The company is also involved in still cameras, camcorders, photofinishing equipment, paper and chemicals, imaging and information products for office and medical use markets. The company first started out producing motion picture film, dry plates and photographic paper. It was hard to develop brand recognition at first partly because of the competition with Eastman Kodak. Because of this, Fujifilm focused on improving the quality of the products it developed.Since the company was focused on the quality of the products, it developed its first film product and a motion picture negative film which proved to many in Japan that Fujifilm was technically proficient in the motion-picture industry. After World War II, Fuji was able to begin exporting film and optical products to South America and Asia. The postwar boom was a great advantage to Fuji with the demands for new products to be developed. One d ownfall for Eastman Kodak but an advantage to Fuji was when Kodak agreed to let Fuji produce black and white amateur roll film during 1952 and three more black and white roll film products by 1958.The company became the number one manufacturer of consumer films in Japan. Because of the agreement with Kodak this opened doors for Fuji and they were able to make more export agreements and opened sales offices in other countries, including the United States. (Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part I, 2010) Fujifilm still had to overcome two major challenges: Eastman Kodak and Fujifilm’s reputation for below-par film product. Fuji tackled the challenge of film product and developed film and paper that was compatible with the processing systems mostly used worldwide.In 1969 all of their films, photo paper and chemicals completely matched the processing systems. They saw a significant upsurge in their exports. The other challenge was going head to head with Kodak wh ich they took on full-force. When Fuji entered the US market, it introduced a cartridge-film eight-millimeter home movie system. Kodak retaliated with introducing their system which swept Fuji aside and took control of the world market. The market started to notice that Fuji’s film was faster than Kodak’s and produced warmer tones.Fuji advertised making sure amateurs and professionals knew the difference while Kodak continued to concentrate on the beginner/amateur consumers. In 1972, Fuji marketed a film in the US with their name on it. Fuji gained its first significant market share with this product. To try and stay ahead of Kodak, Fuji had to develop, manufacture and market equivalent products quickly before Kodak released new products. By 1980, Fuji was the third largest film producer and stayed competitive by increasing its prices a lot less than the other manufactures.The also took advantage of the growing consumer demand for audio and videotapes. Their early mark eting to amateur and professionals paid off since many amateurs wanted to shoot pictures with high quality film. This boosted Fuji’s status to the second largest film manufacturer. A major advantage Fuji had was researching electronic technology before Kodak. Fuji beat Kodak out for a 1984 Olympics sponsorship which was a huge breakthrough for Fuji. Fuji also took full advantage of the untapped market of disposable cameras. They sold 1. million cameras in 6 months which took them to the top as the number one global camera manufacturer in 1992. Fuji introduced the first digital camera in 1988 which was a historical moment in the camera industry. Fuji has been an innovative competitor since the start of the company. (Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part II, 2010) Kodak failed to grasp the importance of the complex environmental changes that were occurring in the industry. They didn’t react fast enough to stay as the leading company in the industry and Fujifilm took advantage of that.While Kodak had the technological skills to develop products, their rigid leadership culture prevented them from adapting with the changes taking place. Kodak had the â€Å"mentality of perfect products, rather than the high-tech mindset of make it, launch it, fix it. † Fujifilm embraced the changes that were occurring in the photographic market. They diversified through acquisition and changed its business model to conquer digital photography with a commitment to innovation and new technologies. Fuji showed a technological discontinuity by developing the first digital camera.This shows they are innovative and creative in their thinking and think ahead of what is happening in the industry. (Integrated Company Analysis, 2009) One major management concept that has impacted both Fuji and Kodak are their marketing strategies. While Kodak was focused on marketing to amateur photographers, Fuji took it a step beyond and focused on amateurs and profes sionals. This has had a huge impact on both companies. Kodak is focused on positioning itself as providing user-friendly products while the quality of some of their products contradict that claim.This has kept Kodak from advancing as they should have while Fuji has seen a huge benefit from their marketing strategy. I view Fujifilm as a prospector since they think outside of the box and look at what is needed in the future. Kodak started out originally as a prospector but has turned to be a reactor. Kodak is at the point where they are developing products in response to products being released from their competitors, mainly Fujifilm. I believe that Kodak needs to look at their current situation and assess what they need to do to become more profitable again and rebuild their reputation.I can see Kodak using the retrenchment strategy for the redevelopment of the company. One action that leaves it questionable about Fujifilm’s ethical approach is when Kodak filed a complaint wit h the United States that Fuji was blocking their products from entering the Japanese market. Looking at the situation, it could be the Japanese government that had the ethical and social responsibility for these actions. The blocking of Kodak entering the Japanese market maintained the Fujifilm’s profits while it stopped potential revenue for Kodak.Even if the Japanese government would let Kodak sell its products in Japan, the Japanese citizens would most likely still purchase Fujifilm since that is the product that they recognize and are familiar with. Kodak over the years has slowed down it’s adaptation to the market condition changes. When Mr. Eastman was in charge, the business stayed ahead of the industry and adapted well. As the years have gone by that situation has changed to where Kodak reacts after changes have been made. Their reactions are to produce a product so fast that it makes inferior products, which has affected Kodak’s reputation in the indust ry.Fujifilm adapts well to the change in the market conditions. In fact, they are in the forefront of anticipating what is needed next by the consumers. One way a company should build in flexibility is to have openness. Company executives need to be open to new ideas, information sources, and roles. Typically companies stick with the routine processes and don’t consider ideas that may be suggested by people and other sources outside of the company. Some companies are not receptive to ideas that are internally suggested by their own employees either.In order to prosper and advance, company executives need to be able and willing to take ideas and suggestions into consideration. Another way to build in flexibility is the processes of decision making. Companies need to analyze how and if their decision process works. They need re-examine the assumptions that bring the decision to a given point. Executives also should refine their plans according with the brief feedback they recei ve. Companies have to be careful not to develop a competitive inertia where they are reluctant to change their current strategies because they want to keep their current processes which have been successful so far.A third way is to develop a shadow strategy task force. Companies need to analyze themselves and determine what their weaknesses are to be able to make adjustments to strengthen them. One way to look at your weaknesses is to think like your competitors and try to determine how the company can be exploited for competitive advantage. The company should have a wide range of employees on the task force to provide opinions, suggestions and information instead of the task force being only executives.Companies can learn a lot from researching Kodak and Fujifilm’s history. Their history shows how strong companies can be and the bumps in the road they encounter by not adapting to change and competition. There is definitely a lesson in what to do and what not to do as you are building your company and making it stronger throughout the years. References: 1. History of Kodak. Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. kodak. com/ek/US/en/Our_Company/History_of_Kodak/Imaging-_the_basics. htm 2. Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part I (2010).Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. photographytalk. com/photography-articles/1682-photography-tipthe-history-of-fujifilm-part-1 3. Photography Type – The History of Fujifilm, Part II (2010). Retrieved November 5, 2012, from http://www. photographytalk. com/photography-articles/1686-photography-tipthe-history-of-fujifilm-part-2 4. Integrated Company Analysis – Kodak. Fall 2009. Wisconsin School of Business. Retrieved from http://business. library. wisc. edu/resources/kavajecz/09%20Fall/kodak_rep. pdf

Free Essays on The Influence Of Age,gender,extraversion And Experience On Performance Of Aspatial Computer Game.

The influence of age, gender, extraversion and experience on performance of a spatial computer game. Computer games are a popular pastime. Their Psychological impacts have recently become of interest to Psychologists. This is partly due to their nature, popularity and increasing accessibility via the internet. Over the current years, their Psychological impacts have received a rather negative evaluation. Links to aggression are particularly well documented. The general consensus here is games violent and aggressive in nature may facilitate the provocation of aggressive thoughts and possibly actions. (Frindte and Obwexer, 2003; Carnagey and Anderson, 2004; Uhlmann and Swanson, 2004 and Gentile, Lynch, Linder and Walsh, 2004). Recently, the more positive aspects of game playing have been highlighted. Experience of computer games has been suggested to influence the development of certain cognitive skills. For instance, McClurg and Chaille, (1987), reported participation in a computer based mental rotation task, significantly improved participants ability to successfully complete a spatial ability measure. Gender and age did not significantly influence this. More recently, a similar study found this improvement to be greater in participants who were previously classed as possessing relatively weak spatial skills. Gender was found not to influence this. (Subrahmanyam and Greenfield, 1994, cited in Cocking and Greenfield, 1996, p95-114). Both these findings suggest games incorporating spatial awareness may be educationally useful for developing these skills in those whose ability is poor. Yuji, (1996), investigated the effects of past game experience on parallel processing skills using a computer based discriminatory perceptual task. The reaction time of participants with a history of game use was significantly faster, particularly with regards to colour discrimination. Conclusions suggested ex... Free Essays on The Influence Of Age,gender,extraversion And Experience On Performance Of Aspatial Computer Game. Free Essays on The Influence Of Age,gender,extraversion And Experience On Performance Of Aspatial Computer Game. The influence of age, gender, extraversion and experience on performance of a spatial computer game. Computer games are a popular pastime. Their Psychological impacts have recently become of interest to Psychologists. This is partly due to their nature, popularity and increasing accessibility via the internet. Over the current years, their Psychological impacts have received a rather negative evaluation. Links to aggression are particularly well documented. The general consensus here is games violent and aggressive in nature may facilitate the provocation of aggressive thoughts and possibly actions. (Frindte and Obwexer, 2003; Carnagey and Anderson, 2004; Uhlmann and Swanson, 2004 and Gentile, Lynch, Linder and Walsh, 2004). Recently, the more positive aspects of game playing have been highlighted. Experience of computer games has been suggested to influence the development of certain cognitive skills. For instance, McClurg and Chaille, (1987), reported participation in a computer based mental rotation task, significantly improved participants ability to successfully complete a spatial ability measure. Gender and age did not significantly influence this. More recently, a similar study found this improvement to be greater in participants who were previously classed as possessing relatively weak spatial skills. Gender was found not to influence this. (Subrahmanyam and Greenfield, 1994, cited in Cocking and Greenfield, 1996, p95-114). Both these findings suggest games incorporating spatial awareness may be educationally useful for developing these skills in those whose ability is poor. Yuji, (1996), investigated the effects of past game experience on parallel processing skills using a computer based discriminatory perceptual task. The reaction time of participants with a history of game use was significantly faster, particularly with regards to colour discrimination. Conclusions suggested ex...

Engineering wheat (Triticum aestivum) Essays

Engineering wheat (Triticum aestivum) Essays Engineering wheat (Triticum aestivum) Essay Engineering wheat (Triticum aestivum) Essay Describe how you would place the wheat asparagine synthetase cistrons based on homology to cistrons from other species, clone the complementary DNA and confirm cistron map. I would foremost obtain the sequences for the Arabidopsis thaliana and rice ( Oryza sativa ) asparagine synthetase ( AS ) cistrons from Pubmed, and compare this to the wheat genome sequence utilizing BLAST online. This can be seen for the wheat AS cistrons: TaASN1 and TaASN2 and putative homologues have been described on Homologene on the Pubmed ( NCBI ) web site. Homologues include the ASN2 A ; 3 cistrons in A.thaliana and the theoretical Os06g0265000 cistron in Oryza sativa. A survey performed by Wang H et Al to insulate the wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) TaASN1 and TaASN2 cistrons, compared them for homology to AS cistrons of other beings, they found that the glutamine binding sites and Class-II glutamine amidotransferase ( Glutaminase ) sphere were conserved. Hence we could plan primers from the parts of homology conserved in AS cistrons, cognizing that there is a good opportunity they will be successful for usage in cloning the complementary DNA of the wheat AS cistrons. Genomic DNA could be extracted from wheat by homogenizing wheat tissue, as described by M A ; oslash ; ller et Al in which they did this for the liliopsid, barley. The method comprised of homogenising works tissue by puting about 200 A ; micro ; g into a 2.2-ml plastic tubing with two cylindrical beads, stop deading it in liquid N and crunching the tissue into a pulverization by vortexing at high velocities. Subsequent centrifugation and washing stairss would let the extraction of genomic wheat Deoxyribonucleic acid. Using the primers designed from the homologous parts of AS cistrons, we could so magnify a part of Deoxyribonucleic acid from this cistron via PCR to obtain a longer fragment of genomic DNA to plan better primers. The new primers can be used with messenger RNA extracted from wheat grain in the procedure of contrary written text PCR ( RT-PCR ) . This would bring forth cloned wheat complementary DNA at the AS cistrons TaASN1 and TaASN2. I could so infix the complementary DNA into a cloning vector, which contains the N-terminal fragment of the LacZ operon, leting testing cells when the vector is transformed. To corroborate cistron map, I would transform the complementary DNA vector incorporating the TaASN1 A ; 2 cistrons into E.coli, to do a complementary DNA library. The E.coli that I use will be knock outs for endogenous E.coli Asparagine Synthetase cistrons. They will besides miss the N-terminal fragment of the LacZ operon, similar to the M15 mutation of E.coli. E.coli, transformed successfully via electroporation, will incorporate a vector which has the N-terminal fragment of the LacZ operon, and the TaASN1 A ; 2 cistrons. E.coli would so be plated onto agarose home bases with media incorporating: X-Gal, IPTG ( a gratuitous inducer of the Lac operon ) and glutamate, but no asparagine. E.coli transformed successfully will be able to synthesize asparagines from glutatmate utilizing the TaASN1 A ; 2 cistrons on the vector, nevertheless untransformed cells will decease due to miss of asparagine. To farther guarantee that cells have been transformed successfully, the lasting cell settlements should be coloured bluish. The vector, incorporating the losing portion of the Lac operon, will let the transformed cells to change over the colorless X-Gal into a blue coloured substance. Hence bluish settlements that survive will be successfully transformed, and besides confirm that the wheat AS cistron s ( TaASN1 A ; 2 ) map is to synthesize asparagines from glutamate. The T-DNA concept seen in Figure 1 is designed to hush the TaASN1 A ; 2 cistrons in wheat grain. The Glu-1D-1 booster has been shown to be extremely endosperm particular to wheat grain by Lamacchia et Al and would therefore be ideal in pick in which to show the hushing concept in this experiment. This is because the T-DNA will merely be transcribed in wheat grain cells which have the ability to acknowledge this booster and transcribe Deoxyribonucleic acid after it. The silencing concept, shown as: ( AS2i, AS1i, I, AS1, AS2 ) , consists if the TaASN1 cistron and the TaASN2 cistron inserted as an upside-down repetition on either side of an intronic spacer sequence ( I ) . The ensuing concept, when transcribed specifically in wheat grain cells, will bring forth hairpin messenger RNA, due to the intronic spacer. The hairpin messenger RNA, which is dsRNA, will be recognised by the Dicer-RDE composite, which cleaves the messenger RNA into short fragments of 21-23bp in length. These fragments are referred to as short interfering RNA ( siRNA ) and are recognised by the RNAi silencing composite ( RISC ) , which binds to them and migrates to mRNA with complementary sequence. By adhering to and aiming the complementary messenger RNA for debasement the cistron look of the TaASN1 A ; 2 cistrons will be inhibited, because most of the messenger RNA transcribed from those cistrons will be degraded. Therefore this concept is structured to bring forth the effectual silencing of the TaASN1 A ; 2 cistrons. After the silencing concept, there is a expiration sequence which will hold written text, guaranting accurate written text of the hairpin messenger RNA. The Ubi1 booster is the corn ubiquitin booster and noncoding DNA, which will bring forth look of a cistron downstream to it ubiquitously throughout the wheat works. The cistron downstream of Ubi1 is shown as K res in Figure 1. It is a Kanamycin opposition cistron and is included in the T-DNA concept for usage as a selectable marker to test for successfully transformed hosts. There is another expiration sequence in the T-DNA, 3 A ; premier ; to the K res cistron, to guarantee that merely the K RESs cistron is ubiquitously transcribed in wheat. The T-DNA concept will be inserted into a vector as shown in Figure 2. It contains a Ampicillin opposition cistron, and beginnings of reproduction ( ORI ) that will let plasmid reproduction in both E.coli and A.tumefaciens. The vector will be is transformed into disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which have been modified to incorporate a helper plasmid and besides will hold had their Tumor-inducing plasmid removed. This assistant plasmid will incorporate the vir cistrons required to reassign T-DNA into the works and incorporate it into the works genome. The vir cistrons recognise the left and right boundary line repetitions, strike the T-DNA, reassign it into the works karyon, and intergrate it into the works s atomic Deoxyribonucleic acid. Therefore with this method the T-DNA concept will incorporate into cells of the wheat works, nevertheless the hushing concept will merely be translated in the wheat grain cells, as the Glu-1D-1 booster is merely active in these cells. Consequently the look of the TaASN1 A ; 2 cistrons will inhibited and the asparagine content of wheat should be reduced. Describe how you would transform the concept into wheat and isolate transgenic wheat workss. To transform the concept into wheat I have decided to utilize an Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector method of wheat transmutation. I chose to utilize this method over Bioloistics, because the reported transmutation frequence ( TF ) utilizing Agrobacterium is reported to be higher than that of Biolostics. Jones HD besides reported that utilizing immature blossomings as a wheat explant pick has shown good T-DNA look from Agrobacterium mediated transmutation. Hence I would transform immature blossomings from wheat, with my concept designed in Q2, utilizing and Agrobacterium mediated method of transmutation. I would transform the vector into E.coli via electroporation, to magnify the concept, choosing for successful transformants utilizing ampicillin opposition conferred by the vector. I would insulate the vector from the E.coli after elaboration, and transform the vector into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The Agrobacterium will already hold been transformed with a assistant plasmid, which contains the Vir cistrons, which will let the transportation of T-DNA into the wheat. I would so submerse hurt immature blossomings into a suspension of the transformed A. tumefaciens. The workss would so be placed onto agarose civilization medium, incorporating Kantrex for choice of T-DNA incorporating transformed workss. Kanamycin will kill any workss which do non incorporate the vector, and the A. tumefaciens will decease due to miss of opines for foods. The media will besides incorporate the works endocrines auxin and cytokinin to excite root and shoot growing severally, and bring on callus formation. Hence merely transformed workss will organize a callosity, which can be regenerate in agar to organize plantlets and so grown in dirt to turn to the grownup wheat works. Describe how you would analyze the transgenic workss to prove for a nexus between look of the asparagine synthetase cistrons and acrylamide formation. First I would analyze the wheat grain utilizing RT-PCR to find the effects of the cistron hushing. I would homogenize both transgenic wheat grain and control wheat grain ( with a dummy vector incorporating no T-DNA ) and pull out the messenger RNA. Using the primers designed in portion 1 I would so magnify the messenger RNA produced by the TaASN1 A ; 2 cistrons. By running the merchandises on an agarose gel, the comparative look and activity of the cistrons can be measured and compared utilizing the comparative strengths of the sets in the gel. Transformed wheat grain should hold less messenger RNAs produced from the TaASN1 A ; 2 cistrons due to their suppression organize the silencing concept. I would besides analyze the transgenic wheat grain and toast made from the transgenic wheat grain, utilizing High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC ) to farther find the effects of the cistron hushing. It is of import to prove the acrylamide content of toasted staff of life, because acrylamide is formed from asparagine under high temperatures via the Maillard reaction. A low degree of acrylamide is the most of import consequence to obtain as it is the toxic substance in toast and will be ideal to take down. HPLC is a technique normally used in nutrient, cosmetic and environmental industries to observe the presence of compounds that could be harmful to the consumer. Compounds can be separated, identified and quantified utilizing this method, which basically consists of filtrating compounds through a column, based on assorted physical and chemical interactions. Rommens et al successfully used this method to find the asparagine content of murphies and the acrylamide content of Gallic french friess. Hence obtaining a low value of both asparagine and acrylamide, when compared to command wheat grain and control toast, will mean that the hushing concept transformed into wheat has successfully lowered the asparagine content and hence besides lowered the harmful acrylamide content of wheat. Reference List Wang H, Liu D, Sun J, Zhang A. Asparagine synthetase cistron TaASN1 from wheat is up-regulated by salt emphasis, osmotic emphasis and ABA. J Plant Physiol. 2005 Jan ; 162 ( 1 ) :81-9. M A ; oslash ; ller MG, Taylor C, Rasmussen SK, Holm PB. Molecular cloning and word picture of two cistrons encoding asparagine synthetase in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. ) Biochim Biophys Acta. 2003 Jul 28 ; 1628 ( 2 ) :123-32. Lamacchia C, Shewry PR, Di Fonzo N, Forsyth JL, Harris N, Lazzeri PA, Napier JA, Halford NG, Barcelo P. Endosperm-specific activity of a storage protein cistron booster in transgenic wheat seed. J Exp Bot. 2001 Feb ; 52 ( 355 ) :243-50. Christensen AH. , Sharrock RA, Quail PH. Maize polyubiquitin cistrons construction, thermic disturbance of look and transcript splice, and booster activity following transportation to energids by electroporation. Plant Molecular Biology ( 1992 ) 18, 675-689 Jones HD. Wheat transmutation: current engineering and applications to grain development and composing. Journal of Cereal Science ( 2005 ) 41: 137-147 Rommens CM, Yan H, Swords K, Richael C, Ye J. Low-acrylamide French french friess and potato french friess. Plant Biotechnol J. 2008 Oct ; 6 ( 8 ) :843-53

Understanding Different Interest Rates

Understanding Different Interest Rates There are a variety of different types of interest rates, but in order to understand these, one must first understand that an interest rate  is a yearly price charged by a lender to a borrower in order for the borrower to obtain a loan, usually expressed as a percentage of the total amount loaned. Interest rates can either be nominal or real, though certain terms exist to define specific rates such as the Federal Funds Rate. The  difference between nominal and real interest rates  is that real interest rates are ones that are adjusted for inflation, whereas nominal interest rates are not; the interest rates one typically finds in the paper are nominal interest rates. The federal government of any given country can affect the interest rate, known in the United States as the Federal Funds Rate and in England as the Prime Rate. Understanding the Federal Funds Rate The Federal Funds Rate is defined as the interest rate at which U.S. banks lend to one another their excess reserves held on deposit at the United States Treasury Department, or the interest rate that banks charge each other for the use of Federal funds in general. Investopedia describes the Federal Funds Rate as the rate of interest banks charge other banks for lending them money from their reserve balances on an overnight basis. By law, banks must maintain a reserve equal to a certain percentage of their deposits in an account at a Federal Reserve bank. Any money in their reserve that exceeds the required level is available for lending to other banks that might have a shortfall. ï » ¿Essentially what this means for the average American is that when you hear that the Federal Treasury Chairman has raised interest rates, theyre talking about the Federal Funds Rate.  In Canada, the counterpart to the Federal Funds rate is known as  the overnight rate; the  Bank of England  refers to these rates as the base rate or the repo rate. Prime Rates and Short Rates The Prime Rate is defined as a rate of interest that serves as a benchmark for most other loans in a country. The precise definition of prime rate differs from country to country. In the United States, the prime rate is the interest rate banks charge to large corporations for short-term loans.​​ The prime rate is typically 2 to 3 percentage points higher than the Federal Funds rate. If the Federal Funds rate is at around 2.5%, then expect the prime rate to be around 5%. The short rate is an abbreviation for short-term interest rate; that is, the interest rate charged (usually in some particular market) for short-term loans. Those are the major interest rates you will see discussed in the newspaper. Most of the other interest rates you see will usually refer to an interest-bearing financial asset, such as a bond.

The analysis of EC Proposals and the Statutory Audit Essay

The analysis of EC Proposals and the Statutory Audit - Essay Example Blame was levied at rating agencies, directors of companies in the financial system and their regulatory agencies, as well as accounting and auditing professionals. This led to a number of regulatory responses that were aimed at strengthening controls over the operations of financial institutions and enhancing financial reporting. These responses have not only been limited to governments in the countries affected but to various bodies including standard setters for the accounting and auditing profession. Te European Commission (EC) which gives directives to 27 countries, made two proposals that could result in major changes in the auditing statutory audits and the audit of PIEs. They are aimed at the professionals whose opinion adds credibility to financial statements as well as supervisors of PIEs. Additionally, there was the Basle lll Accord which amended the capital requirements for financial institutions. Since then auditors have been required to provide more comfort to investors by carrying out additional procedures that would enhance financial reporting. Audit committees have also been challenged to provide the necessary support to ensure compliance. This paper provides information on the background to the financial crisis and the audited accounts of financial institutions. ... 2.0 Background to the financial crisis Several factors worked together to generate the crisis in the financial markets across the world since 2007. Jickling (2010) points out that there were multiple causes to the crisis as reflected in the policy responses taken in the US. One of these was the existing and anticipated credit losses on mortgages in the United States (Ellis 2010). These mortgages were made available to persons who would not have been able to obtain them under normal circumstances. The lowering of standards allowed them to obtain mortgages at relatively low rates so that they could own their own homes. However, one drawback was that the rates were adjustable. Therefore, persons who might have been able to repay in the initial stages soon found out that they could no longer service their mortgages. This coupled with the oversupply of houses on the market resulted in a reduction in their house values and therefore the values of the security for mortgage loans. In some ca ses the value of the houses was worth less than the loan balance and so homeowners ended up with negative equity. Therefore, there were no tangible benefits to be gained from holding on to properties that were not worth the amounts owed. A large number of homeowners defaulted on their mortgages and so it had a ripple effect which impacted the global financial system. Murphy (2008) referred to this as imprudent mortgage lending which caused a terrible shock to the financial system. Murphy (2008) also indicated that although imprudent lending paid a role, its role was not very significant. Another factor blamed for the crisis was global imbalances. Smaghi (2008) indicates that this is characterised by some countries like China and Germany having large surpluses

Determine whether compensation and overtime applies to exempt and Essay

Determine whether compensation and overtime applies to exempt and non-exempt security personnel in your state - Essay Example † Bob the employee inquires, though he already knows the response. â€Å"Good one, that’s why we moved you to salary remember?† Joe chuckles as he walks back to his office. Fairness, in workers time and effort, versus pay has long been a minefield for dispute in the workplace. Typically speaking the worker tends to feel overworked and underpaid, and the owner tends to feel the employee is underworked and overpaid. Over the years lawsuits on compensation and overtime have arisen many times, and the decisions made by the Supreme Court in interpreting the constitution have greatly impacted the way these two are handled. So in order to investigate these laws and how they are applied in greater detail we are going to take one group of employees, security personnel, and see how overtime and compensation are regulated for them in the state of Texas. We will do this by defining overtime, by looking at what FLSA and the states say, by determining who is considered exempt a nd non-exempt employees, and by looking at how the United States Supreme Court case of Garcia v. City of San Antonio applies. ... In the United States the custom for regular working hours is forty hours a week. The second way regular working hours can be defined is by the practices of a given trade or profession. A regular working week for an air traffic controller, for example, is anywhere between fifty – seventy hours. The third way regular working hours can be determined is by legislation. This occurs through bills being passed through congress to regulate the work environment and determine that healthy, reasonable expectations are being placed on the employee. Legislation such as this tends to be determined by court cases or bills being past. The final way regular working hours can be determined is by agreement between employers and their employees. This type of agreement has to fall into compliance with any legislation that governs the hours allowed, however, were applicable. FLSA The Fair Labor Standards Act or the FLSA was created, by congress, in 1938 during the midst of the great depression. Its goal was to protect the rights of the workers who were being treated exceptionally unfairly during this time. In doing this it encouraged fairness between management and workers. It accomplished this by regulating minimum wage, overtime, and child labor laws, as well as other work related laws. It is still in effect and constantly being updated and affects any businesses with employees who engage in interstate commerce. The FLSA is a federal act and is enforced by the federal government, due to this, there have been many court cases disputing states rights to regulate these laws versus that of the federal governments. Exempt and Non-Exempt Employees The majority of jobs are covered by the FLSA, however, some are not. If a job is covered by FLSA it is

Leadership question 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Leadership question 4 - Essay Example My code of leadership is focused on respecting other people according to their rank in the organization. One of my greatest weaknesses is inability to keep time; however, I am planning to make strict schedules that I will adhere to in order to keep time in attending duties and appointments. My code of behavior concentrates on handling people politely, pleasantly, and with consideration; this involves patiently listening to people’s problems and solving them in the best way possible. Other areas of focus of office etiquette include honesty, loyalty, cooperation, diplomacy, judgment, and accuracy. Knowledge, skills, and experience are the major determinants of worker productivity. I intend to ensure acquisition of relevant academic and professional qualifications and experience that will enable me to achieve exceptional performance. I also need the skills that can enable me perform my duties with the highest standards of accuracy. The organization cannot thrive well in the context where there is no discipline. I have designed programs that are aimed at training people to obey rules and other codes of behavior. I believe it is difficult for people to obey the rules of the organization without discipline. I plan to have an effective disciplinary system for correcting disobediences when they arise. I have the knowledge and skills concerning the theoretical aspects of leadership. I have studied several courses about leadership and diplomacy, which have enabled me to identify ways of leading people effectively. Although I believe in trait theories of leadership, contingency proponents usually make sense to me; this is because contingency theories focus on specific variables related to the environment in determining the most suitable style of leadership for that context (Kets and Korotov 23). I believe in change when it comes to handling people with individual differences. Democratic style of leadership is the best for

Logistics and Operations Management - The World Trade Organization Assignment

Logistics and Operations Management - The World Trade Organization - Assignment Example These negotiations were held under GATT or General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. In the present times, there are new negotiations that the WTO is involved into under the ‘Doha Development Agenda’ instigated in the year 2001 (Understanding the WTO - Who we are, 2012). Countries, in general, encounter several challenges and problems while performing activities of trade across different countries. Thus negotiations and effective rules are required that are maintained by the WTO. Also, trade barriers are maintained by the rules that are set by the WTO, helping to protect consumers of such trade activities (Understanding the WTO - Who we are, 2012). The present study focuses on the work of the WTO and to analyze the impact that it has on world trade. Thus the study would analyze the outcomes of the various summits that have taken place since the end of the Second World War and consider the impact they have had on world trade. For this particular study, interpretivism research philosophy has been found to be applicable for this particular research study as it combines diverse approaches together and tries to understand the world as it is experienced (Collins, 2010, pp.38-39). The study has been based on qualitative research technique that involves the description of the types and qualities of people or events without expressing them in the form of numerical figures (Thomas, 2003, pp.1-2). The collection of data for the study has been dependent on secondary sources, thus involving sources that present studies and findings of earlier researchers and information that are already available concerning the topic of study (Malhotra, 2008, p.106). Thus books and authenticated internet articles, the website of WTO have been included in this study to learn about the works of the WTO, and their effects on world trade. While including such study materials, ethical factors have also been kept significantly under focus and the credibility of the sources have also been checked.  Ã‚  

Consumption and Saving Propensity Levels of Different Groups Essay

Consumption and Saving Propensity Levels of Different Groups - Essay Example This paper explicates on the theme of the saving and consumption inclinations of people with the goal of arriving at the rationale propagating two different theories, that explain such people behavior. With the aim of maximizing profits, it is imperative for businesses to understand the dynamics characterizing consumer trends. This has the effect of better positioning the respective products and services in the competitive market. The consumer decision making process entails understanding the factors affecting their purchasing decisions and the process as a whole. A prime factor affecting the spending power of consumers is the rate and extent of saving. This fashions a principal interest for economists as the dynamics associated with savings and consumption has a correlation with overall performance of the economy; both at a national and global level. Thus, the saving and consumption inclinations of people all through the course of their lifetime form an area of fundamental study. An economy will, presumably, undergo steady growth once the people decide to spend there cash; this ascertains the circulation of currency. This aids in ensuring the vigor of the economy is maintained. This is one of the rationales backing the measures instituted to instigate expenditure by citizens of a particular nation. However, in order to proficiently perform this feat, it is obligatory to understand the logic of the factor impede consumer spending. It is within this context that numerous theories were proposed to explain this fact. ... The two age groups have a large propensity to consume in relation to other age groups. The rationale in use is that the young population is borrowing against future income while the old population is using their savings. On the other hand, the middle aged population is epitomized by a greater propensity to save and consequently a lower consumption propensity. This might crop from the fact that, they are distinguished by relative higher income levels. A vast number of theories source their existence from a conceptual setup. They are formed to demonstrate the manner in which, variables of interest should behave in the real world. At times, however, facts in the real world may vary from results sourced from the conceptual framework. According to Sheldon Dazinger et al. (1982), the lifecycle hypothesis epitomizes such theories and hypothesis. Initially, the article cites the points with which it conforms. The authors concur that consumers do not hinge their consumption and savings decisi on solely on the basis of the income levels. There are some additional factors that presume a significant role in this decision making process. These additional factors are best exemplified by future expected circumstances and past experiences, which fashion the core feature in the decision. Past experiences are lessons that consumers take heed of, while future expectations are on the basis of their respective age and consequent income levels. Dazinger et al. set out to investigate if it could be proven that the young engage in saving while the old enage in dissaving activities. The studies factored in the saving tendencies of retirees and those individuals in advanced ages

Logistics and Operations Management - The World Trade Organization Assignment

Logistics and Operations Management - The World Trade Organization - Assignment Example These negotiations were held under GATT or General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. In the present times, there are new negotiations that the WTO is involved into under the ‘Doha Development Agenda’ instigated in the year 2001 (Understanding the WTO - Who we are, 2012). Countries, in general, encounter several challenges and problems while performing activities of trade across different countries. Thus negotiations and effective rules are required that are maintained by the WTO. Also, trade barriers are maintained by the rules that are set by the WTO, helping to protect consumers of such trade activities (Understanding the WTO - Who we are, 2012). The present study focuses on the work of the WTO and to analyze the impact that it has on world trade. Thus the study would analyze the outcomes of the various summits that have taken place since the end of the Second World War and consider the impact they have had on world trade. For this particular study, interpretivism research philosophy has been found to be applicable for this particular research study as it combines diverse approaches together and tries to understand the world as it is experienced (Collins, 2010, pp.38-39). The study has been based on qualitative research technique that involves the description of the types and qualities of people or events without expressing them in the form of numerical figures (Thomas, 2003, pp.1-2). The collection of data for the study has been dependent on secondary sources, thus involving sources that present studies and findings of earlier researchers and information that are already available concerning the topic of study (Malhotra, 2008, p.106). Thus books and authenticated internet articles, the website of WTO have been included in this study to learn about the works of the WTO, and their effects on world trade. While including such study materials, ethical factors have also been kept significantly under focus and the credibility of the sources have also been checked.  Ã‚  

Business Proposal Regarding a Business Idea Essay

Business Proposal Regarding a Business Idea - Essay Example Business Name - Maritime Transportation Company will be the name of the business. The name is easy to pronounce and remembered. The business will start at the beginning of October 2012 and will be based at Hamshire town, Englang, United Kingdom. Form of Business - Business will be sole-proprietorship, run and managed by Eric Mayoma who has experience in driving and business skills in entrepreneurship education acquired from Dakota State Technical Teachers Training College as described by Mulcahy, (2011, p. 142). The owner chose this type of business because of its market in the growing population. Another reason is that there is adequate means or chances of employment in the State. The entrepreneur decided to take this business given that he has adequate resources in education and enough money to start the business. In this type of business, there is less competition as compared to other businesses in the market like passenger service vehicles and petroleum oil selling companies. Business Location - It is located at Hamshire Town. The entrepreneur chose the location because of the following reasons, transport network, availability of electricity, security is tight, and near to customers (Adamson, 2005, p. 291) The business will deal with the buying, storing, and transporting all the different types of hardware especially those used for building in the building industry. These goods are stored and sold to the customer. Customers who do not have any means of transport are given a means of transport at a minimal fee. Also, loading and off loading products to the vehicle is free as a form of motivating the customers to come again. Other services in the business will include giving discount to customers, who buy in large quantities. This creates good public relation by rendering services to customers in selling, packing, and transportation to their destination. Customers strategically locate the business building to enhance ease identification. This is because customers are coming to purchase other goods and services from shops, warehouse, and the supermarket along the two roads. The business will consist of two warehouses, a 3-roomed office, one for the manager, secretary, reception room, and a conference hall. Many clients especially on the left wing have not hired the newly established building. Therefore, the entrepreneur sees that as an opportunity to his business as explained by Root & Koenig, (2006, p. 182). The business will mainly be known as sole-proprietorship and owned by one person. The business was chosen for a number of reasons. The reasons include profit

Telecommuting Case Study Essay Example for Free

Telecommuting Case Study Essay Telecommuting has been referred to as being the next big information technology (IT) trend. This trend aside from having financial benefits also reaps environmental benefits. The majority of people wanting or deciding to telecommute, wish to do so in order to avoid lengthy commutes by road, rail or otherwise. Telecommuting has the potential to provide significant transportation-related public benefits. (www.cnn.com) â€Å"Telecommuting is now practiced by approximately 2 million workers and could reach 7.5 to 15 million within a decade.† (http://ntl.bts.gov) These 2 million workers, now being removed form the highways, can substantially improve the congestion and air quality. Potential beneficial transportation impacts of telecommuting include reduction in highway congestion and associated lost time, reduced emission of pollutants, savings in energy and petroleum consumption, and fewer highway accidents. Computer and telecommunications advances in recent years, including computer networks and data systems, FAX machines, and electronic mail, have dramatically widened the choice of workplace for information workers and others so they can work wherever these tools are available, including at home. These technological enhancements have provided greater worker flexibility, empowerment of employees, and a reduction I of frustration from the irritation and time loss associated with commuting. â€Å"One result is that a substantial portion of the U.S. labor force, perhaps as much as 30 percent, now works at home at least part of the time.† (http://www.telecommute-now.org/telecommuting) Telecommuting does not necessarily mean that employees work at home. Satellite telework centers near or in residential areas, fully equipped with appropriate telecommunications equipment and services, can serve employees of single or multiple firms. These telework centers are usually developed based on geographical data rather than business functions. In many cases a shared facility provides a more practical and satisfactory location for telecommuting than the home, and a setting less threatening to traditional business management styles. Telecommuting is often practiced as little as one or two days each week, although it can be full-time. Telecommuters are primarily managers or professionals. However, telecommuting is highly popular to most information workers. Traffic congestion can have direct and indirect cost impacts on business activities. The direct costs of congestion that affect production costs include additional labor costs associated with longer trips made by employees during business hours, higher vehicle operating costs, and suboptimal vehicle use. â€Å"The trucking industry is both a contributor to and victim of traffic congestion. According to FHWA officials, the annual cost of truck delays on freeways is between $4.2 and $7.6 billion, based on vehicle operating costs and driver time charges. Time losses on urban streets, docking areas, etc. could range between $19.4 and $22.9 billion (excluding costs to industry such as lost sales opportunities in not having products available on time).† (U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). 2001. Traffic Congestion: Trends, Measures, and Effects.) Indirect costs of traffic congestion include increases in accidents and insurance premiums, reduced or loss of employee productivity, and increases in delivery costs. The removal of telecommuters vehicles from the highways will reduce overall congestion. All vehicles on those now less-congested roads will operate more efficiently, cleanly and safely, and the occupants will suffer less delay.

Synthesis of Polyelectrolyte Pani Membrane

Synthesis of Polyelectrolyte Pani Membrane SYNTHESIS OF POLYELECTROLYTE PAni MEMBRANE BYÂ  PHASE INVERSION AND ITS CHARACTERIZATIONS NURUL IZZATI IZNI BT MAT YUSOFF INTRODUCTION During the last few decades, the application of membrane based separation is the leading technology as one of the alternatives used in separating and removal of organic solvents. Moreover, it holds a significant commercial impact in several areas including water and wastewater treatment, chemical, food industries, pharmaceuticals, petrochemical related industries and bioseparation areas (Javed Alam et al., 2012). However, membrane-based separation processes are comparatively new in the field of separation which makes current membranes have limitations that hinder their wide used in aggressive solvents. The situation has led many studies in order to develop this membrane-based technology. Amongst the new generation of intrinsically conducting polymer, polyaniline (PAni) membranes have captured the intense attention of scientific community and one of the promising candidates. PAni is a polymer which poorly soluble in almost all solvents and has been widely known due to its conductive properties. Most important, it is easy to synthesize this polymer and it has an interesting doping and dedoping characteristics. However, the high yield of PAni demands several essential conditions. In order to obtain a higher quality polymer product, highly pured monomers, chemicals and solvents are needed. Besides, a strict control on polymerization conditions are needed since the small variation in the polymerization conditions might alter the nature of the product (Sadia Ameen et al., 2011). From the previous study, there are many research have been done in order to produce a stable and useful PAni membrane in nanofiltration. Most of the researches focused on synthesize, membrane fabrication and doping/dedoping of PAni membrane. However, the study on PAni membrane can be expand more instead of those previous research. The stability and performance of PAni membrane on polyelectrolyte coating should be done to further this study. Polyelectrolyte is a macromolecular species that upon being placed in water or any other ionizing solvent dissociates into a highly charged polymeric molecule (Reza Derakhshandeh et al., 2010). One of the methods of polyelectrolyte coating is layer by layer (LBL) coating. LBL is the simplest process being used by most of the researcher. There are numerous advantages of this method compared to other methods for thin film fabrication. The unique advantages of the method are that, both organic and inorganic can be incorporated into LBL thin films bes ides offers easier preparation and durable (unknown, yr). PROBLEM STATEMENTS There are numerous number of membranes have been develop by researchers. However, membranes nowadays have fixed physical-chemical properties which make separation by membranes very limited to the fixed selectivity of their constituent. Therefore, new membrane materials must be explored to cope with these limiting factors. Next generation of filtration membranes must be more selective and robust which requires low chemical and energy input (Sajjad Sedaghat, 2014). These properties must be considered to meet goals in applications since current membranes often problematic in cost. Membranes basically can be prepared from ceramic and polymeric materials. There are many studies shown that ceramic materials have several advantages over polymeric materials. As example, membrane from ceramic materials is highly stable in terms of chemical and thermal stability. Unfortunately, the market share of polymeric membranes is far greater than ceramic membranes as the polymeric materials are easier to process and less expensive (Khulbe et al., 2008). Instead of those materials, there are also membranes from inorganic materials that have been successfully applied in dehydration of tetrahydrofuran (THF). However, to produce an inorganic membrane requires a high cost rather than polymeric membrane beside their system design is more complex (Chapman et al., 2007). Therefore, membrane from polymeric material is a suitable candidate for the research since it meets the desired criteria. PAni as a polymeric material has been widely researched due to its conductive properties. To date, although PAni has been applied to a number of applications but there are still some deficiency. For instance, PAni membranes which applied to chemically crosslinked swell in THF although it retained their structure while too much thermal crosslinking gave membranes with no fluxes in any solvents at all. Furthermore, unsupported PAni membranes shrank during the process of thermal crosslinking which causing some trouble for large scale membrane productions where certain amount of bending or curling is required (Loh et al., 2008). An alternative to thermal or chemical crosslinking would be polyelectrolyte coating to make them more stable. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are: To produce phase inversion PAni membrane from chemical polymerization of PAni in APS solution. To introduce polyelectrolyte onto the synthesized membrane. To characterize the membrane morphological, physical, chemical, electrical and filtration properties. LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY Chemicals All chemicals and reagents will be used are analytical grade. AnalaR aniline, ammonium persulfate (APS), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), 4-methylpiperidine (4MP), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) poly(allylamine hydrochloric) (PAH), hydrochloride acid (HCL) and lithium chloride (LiCl) PAni synthesis by chemical polymerization To produce an Aniline solution, 37.25 g of 0.4 mol Aniline will be added into a beaker containing 400 mL of 1.0 M HCl. The mixture is well mix. In another beaker, APS solution will be prepared by adding 91.26 g of 0.4 mol APS into 256 mL of 1.0 M HCL. To prevent the mixture from freezing at -15 oC, add 66.8 g and 39.68 g of LiCl into both beakers respectively. After finish the preparation of both solutions, mix them in a conical flask. The conical flask then will be put in an incubator shaker at temperature -15 oC and continuously shake for 48 h. During this period, a reaction occur which polymer filter cake will be produced. After 48 h, filter and wash with 1.5 L DI water to remove any left-over reactants. To deprotonate the emaraldine salt to its base form, the filter cake then is being place in a beaker contain 250 mL ammonia solution (33% w/v) in a beaker and will be mix by using incubator shaker for 12 h at room temperature. Next, the filter cake will be filter and will be wash with 1 L DI water. To remove any low weight PAni oligomers and decrease time drying, the filter cake will be wash again with 500 mL methanol before being dry under vacuum for 24 h. After drying, the dry Emeralidine Base (EB) powder will be pass through a 160 Â µm mesh sieve to remove remaining clusters. Then, the EB powder will be stored under argon at 4 oC until required (Chapman et al., 2007). Membrane production by phase inversion PAni membrane will be produce by wet phase inversion method. First of all, 4MP and NMP will be mix in a beaker to make up the solvent. Then EB powder will be add using a funnel and mix at speed 300 rpm for 12 h. After 12 h mixing, dope the solution by adding maleic acids and mix at speed 150 rpm for 12 h. The solution will turn from dark blue to dark green to indicate that acid doping is taken place. The solution is then left to stand for 4 h to remove air bubble. Next, cast the solution on a nonwoven polyester support fabric and immediately immersed in DI water at room temperature for 24 h. During the 24 h, DI water will be change once after 12 h (Loh et al., 2008). Polyelectrolyte coating Polyelectrolyte coating of PAni membrane will be done by dipping the membrane into an anionic and cationic solution. Anionic solution will be used in this research is PAA while PAH is for cationic solution. To prepare anionic solution, PAA will be dissolve in DI water and 5 M HCl will be used to adjust the pH to 3.5. For cationic solution, PAH also will be dissolve in DI water but to adjust the pH solution to 3.5, 5 M NaOH will be used. Next, PAni membrane will be immerse in PAA solution for 10 min followed by two DI water rinses for 2 and 1 min respectively. The PAni membrane then will be immerse in PAH solution for 10 min followed by two DI water rinses for 2 and 1 min respectively. These complete the first bilayer of polyelectrolyte coating. For the next layer, the steps before will be repeated again which is starting from immersing in anionic solution and then cationic solution. After finish the process, the membrane need to be wash with ammonia and let it to fully dry before bei ng proceed with characterization (Jinhua Dai et al., 2005 unknown, yr). Characterization of PAni membrane Flow chart Stock and reagent solutions preparation PAni synthesis by chemical polymerization Characterization of EB powder by using GPC Membrane production and casting Polyelectrolyte coating Characterization Analysis GANTT CHART MILESTONE Table 7.1 : Milestone EXPECTED OUTCOMES/COMMERCIALIZATIONS REFERENCES Chapman, P., Loh, X.X., Livingston, A.G., Li, K., Oliveira, T.A.C. (2007). Polyaniline Membranes for The Dehydration of Tetrahydrofuran by Pervaporation. Journal of Membrane Science, 309 (2008), pp. 102-111. Loh, X.X., Sairam, M., Bismarck, A., Steinke, J.H.G., Livingston, A.G., Li, K. (2008) Crosslinked Integrally Skinned Asymmetric Polyaniline Membranes for Use in Organic Solvents. Journal of Membrane Science, 326 (2009), pp. 635-642.

Dream Interpretation Essays -- essays research papers fc

It Was Only a Dream   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She awakens in the night, the visions from her mind still vivid. The dream was amazingly realistic. A long hallway stretched before her. Several doors lined the hallway, each with a padlock. A ring full of keys weighed heavily in her hand. What did it all mean? Did this hallway symbolize her life? The doors could have meant many things, possibly the choices she faces daily. As she drifts back to sleep, thoughts of the dream cloud her mind. She hopes to remember it in the morning and search for answers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The description of this woman could match any number of people. Years of research have produced findings that everyone dreams. While not everyone may remember his or her dreams, sleep studies have shown that each person does dream as he or she progresses through the stages of sleep. Whether or not these dreams contain any significant meaning for the dreamer is a source of arguments today, as well as in years past. An in depth study of dream interpretation will reveal the benefits of exploring the meanings behind dreams. To begin this study, it is helpful to first understand the different aspects of sleep. In Atkinson’s Introduction to Psychology book, she states that sleep contains five stages, including â€Å"four depths of sleep and a fifth stage, known as rapid eye movement (REM)† (193). In various sleep studies, most adults go through all stages during their normal sleeping hours. While they drift from one stage of sleep to another, activity in the brain increases and decreases. However, this study is interested mostly in the fifth stage, REM sleep. Individuals incur a great amount of details during the course of any given day, including dates, places, times and people. â€Å"During REM sleep, the brain creates a story line that allows this large volume of events to be stored and remembered in a coherent form, albeit at an unconscious level† (Chopra 107). REM occurs at different times throughout an individual’s time asleep, and consumes from thirty minutes up to two h ours of an individuals non-waking moments. Every individual is subject to REM sleep, and some suffer from REM Sleep Disorder. The disorder involves a severe attachment to a person’s dreams. Dotto reports that while sufferers consist mostly of men over fifty years of age, it can affect anyone. She also states that res... ... Trish and Rob MacGregor present a comprehensive guide on how to incubate, recall and interpret dreams. Additionally, this book provides a glossary of symbols and common dream topics and themes. Maguire, Jack. Night and Day. New York: Roundtable Press, 1989. Author Jack Maguire   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Presents a complete program concerning how to use dreams to reach designated goals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and results. Moss, Robert. Conscious Dreaming. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks, 1996. The author reveals a nine-step plan to understanding dreams, including ways to shape the dreamer’s future. He also details the use of a dream journal to tap into unknown resources. Parker, Julia. Derek. Complete Book of Dreams. New York: Dorling Kindersly Publishing, 1995. As the title describes, this book covers a broad spectrum of dream themes, including sample dreams. It also contains a dictionary of common dream symbols and their meanings. Your Life. â€Å"Are Dreams Trying To Tell Us Something?† USA Today Magazine. 18 Oct 1999. http://search.inspire-indiana.net:8008/WebZ/Fetch This magazine article gives a quick, surface-level guide to dream interpretation.

Charles Dickens engender sympathy Essay

How does Charles Dickens engender sympathy for his protagonist Pip in this extract from ‘Great Expectations’? In this essay on ‘Great Expectations’, I am going to explore how the experiences of the main character Pip, create sympathy from the reader for him and how Dickens has put this across. Charles Dickens has written a gripping novel, set in his time and he has created sympathy for Pip in many different ways throughout the text. A first example of this is when Pip visits Miss Havisham’s house and meets Estella. ‘She called me â€Å"boy† so often and with a carelessness that was far from complimentary7, this shows that the way Estella spoke to Pip and that, instead of addressing him by his name, she just called him boy as if he was not worthy of his name, and he could sense that she did not really like him because of the way she said this, as indicated in the quote. This makes the reader feel sorry for Pip as Estella was very rude to him and unwelcoming, and nobody would really like to be in his position. So as well as being uncomfortable at the way Estella treats him, Pip also feels uncomfortable with his new surroundings as he has grown up with Joe and his Sister in poor, working class conditions at a Blacksmith’s forge, whereas Satis House is very different. It is rich and grand but also scary for Pip. ‘The first thing I noticed was that the passages were all dark’, this shows that Pip must have been quite frightened because of the darkness, and he was in a strange place but it is even worse that it is the first thing he noticed about the house. Pip was frightened of his surroundings as they were gothic and dark and very different, but the fact that he did know anyone at all must have also been a challenging experience. ‘At last we came to the door of a room and she said, â€Å"Go in/’ I answered more in shyness than politeness, â€Å"After you miss. † To this she returned: â€Å"Don’t be ridiculous boy; I am not going in. † And scornfully walked away, and what was worse took the candle with her. ‘ This was very uncomfortable and I was half afraid/ This long quote, from the extract shows a lot, first of all that he was very shy and uncomfortable in everyway at where he was and that he didn’t know anyone and he was also afraid. When he entered Miss Havisham’s room he was afraid again because of the very strange surroundings he entered into. ‘No glimpse of daylight was to be seen in it! ‘ this shows that it was very unusual and he was quite frightened and also when he saw Miss Havisham, ‘the strangest lady I have ever seen or shall ever see/ As well as being very strange, Pip also noticed that she was extremely rich, ‘some bright jewels sparkled on her neck and her hands, and some other jewels lay sparkling on the table/ Pip was not used to seeing such finery or such unusual surroundings so all of this makes the reader feel very sympathetic towards him. Miss Havisham’s mental state could also be a coarse for concern as, since her fianci left her on their wedding day and broke her heart she went a bit mad and stopped all of the clocks in the house and, by never touching anything in her room she tried literally to stop time at the prosiest second her heart was broken. ‘Her watch had stopped at twenty minutes to nine’ and she says to Pip ‘†What do I touch? † â€Å"Your heart. † â€Å"Broken! â€Å"‘ This experience must have been very frightening and unsettling for a young naive boy who was not used to being in the presence of such an eccentric and slightly mad old lady. Not just the fact that Miss Havisham was strange and so were her surroundings she also spoke to Pip and ordered him in a very strange and suspicious/manner. ‘†I sometimes have sick fancies† â€Å"and I have a sick fancy that I want to see some play. There, there! † â€Å"Play, play, play! â€Å"‘ This order seems rather strange for an old woman to have a fancy to see a young boy play but also the repetitive way in which she commands him to ‘†Play, play, play! â€Å"‘ She says this three times and Pip does not really know what to do so he therefore feels very awkward. After the harsh words from Estella and meeting Miss Havisham, Pip starts to feel the realisation of his low social status. ‘ This boy, why he is a common labouring boy, these words from Estella hurt Pip deeply but he did not show his true emotions until he was alone. ‘As I cried, I kicked the wall and took a hard twist at my hair; so bitter where my feelings! ‘ Dickens has displayed this very well as you can also feel a connection with him, because it is written in first person narration I, so you feel like Pip is actually talking to you, and you could imagine if you were in Pip’s position you, yourself would feel very frightened and uncomfortable so you end up feeling sorry and sympathetic for him.

Persuasive Paper: The Crucible Essay

Introduction â€Å"Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it. The violent encounters of the past contain valuable lessons about resolving conflict.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The happenings of the pasts are significant to any events occurring at any point in the present. From the fundamental ideology that past acting as blocks, the actions, decisions and every participating events that have occurred in the past predetermine the possibilities of the present, and eventually the future. In the movie, The Crucible (1953) written by Arthur Miller, the correlations of past events with the happenings of the present are largely illustrated. In different points of view, three unique angles of issues are considered the primary subjects relating to the repetitions of past and the failures of resolving the repeated conflict. For John Proctor, the native Salem farmer, he is confronted by the issues of affair with his previous maid, and maltreatment issues with his current. Meanwhile, Abigail Williams, the niece of the Reverend, has experienced being confronted by her affections and emotional attachments that damaged one relationship; however, after the incident in the past, it has now grown capable of damaging the community. Lastly, Elizabeth Proctor, the wife of John Proctor, has been confronted by trust issues towards her husband in the early parts of the movie, which eventually evolved in trust conflicts that led to the lost of her loved one. Discussion Persuasive Arguments   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The three primary characters of the movie are the best illustration of certain individuals who fail to learn from their pasts and unconsciously repeat the similar instance, yet still end up being trapped within its lairs. In the story of crucible, the plot of has revolved in a latter medieval setting wherein a community happens to fall in the social fear towards the spreading news of witchcraft. It has been initiated by a group of locals headed by Abigail Williams who happened to induce illness towards the daughter of Reverend Samuel Parris, Betty Parris. In such event, the Reverend, being concerned to his reputation than his sick daughter, has initiated the wide search against the corruptions of these so-called witches. The hunt and legal trials have all revolved in the fraud manipulation and lies brought by Abigail, which in the end corrupted various innocents of their community, including the couple, John Proctor and Elizabeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Starting with John Proctor, his character in the movie possesses the pride of being a Salem native and the attitude of a hard-working husband. However, his past has revolved in the issue of having an affair with his former maid, Abigail. Markedly in the act 1, Abigail tries to entice and brings back the events of her past with John Proctor,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"I cannot sleep for dreamin’; I cannot dream but I wake and walk about the house   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   as though I’d find you comin’ through some door (Act 1).†   However, John denies any attraction towards her and points out that the issue of their affair should not come out to the public. Such scenario illustrates the historical mistake of Proctor, particularly in abusing his authority towards his servant. Hence, the past of Proctor is able to catch up to his present in latter portion of the story. Abigail has brought the name of his wife, Elizabeth, to the courtroom and branded her as one of the witches. Meanwhile, prior to the incidents of his first mistake with Abigail, he is still unable to learn from the conflicts produced by his abuse of authority; hence, he repeats the abuse of power towards his servant Mary Warren. Due to John’s failure of realizing the conflicts brought by his history with Abigail, his encounter with Mary has brought him within the walls when Mary branded him as the warlock who manipulated her thoughts in order to falsely accuse the locals. In the end, since Proctor is not able to learn his lessons in maltreating his first servant, the repetition of the history has brought him a more violent consequence, which leads to his death trail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meanwhile, Abigail is also confronted by the same incidents of repeating history and the failure of comprehending the consequences of her action. In the story, Abigail is considered the manipulative character able to entice the manhood of Proctor; hence, leading to their illegal affair. After Elizabeth discovered the affair, she decides to send out Abigail resigning her from her servitude. In defense to her soiled name and humiliated figure, she brags about Elizabeth’s dominative treatment towards her. However, due to the incident, Abigail has considerable ruined the marital relationship between John and Elizabeth, especially considering the status of Elizabeth’s trust towards her husband after the incident. Despite of the trouble she has implicated to the couple, Abigail still pursues her ambition of obtaining back Proctor, and in her preferred process, she has enticed the public with her lies and accusations of witchcraft to various women within their community including Elizabeth. During the second repetition of her conflict, Abigail now damages the lives of various women in her community (i.e. Mary Warren, Sarah Good, Goody Osborne). In the case of the couple’s relationship, Abigail’s lies and enticement have caused further dilemma to both Elizabeth and John by having them imprisoned and branded as witches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, Elizabeth Proctor, being the faithful and loving wife of John Proctor, has been confronted by her trust issues towards her husband after discovering John’s affair with Abigail. In the Act II, Elizabeth has manifested her anxiety and paranoia on the possible repetition of mistake that his husband did with their former servant. After the first incident, Elizabeth finds it hard to trust her husband and most of the time suspects him of being with Abigail. Such conflict has first resulted to the argument of the couple. However, during the second time Elizabeth’s trust to her husband is tested in Act III, Elizabeth is not able to comprehend and trust the plans of his husband. When John decides to assert the claims of his affair with Abigail in order to break the hold of Abigail to the courtroom, Elizabeth is asked to validate the statements of her husband; however, due to the conflicts of trust, and fear of tarnishing the name and pride of Salem community and her husband, she decides to deny the claims made by John. In this second encounter, the consequences have led their relationship to further shatter leaving them both separated by prison walls and the accusations of witchcraft practice made by Mary Warren against John Proctor and Abigail Williams against Elizabeth Proctor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidently in the movie, the three characters have shown how history can repeat itself and further causes heightened impact during its second occurrence. Since the lessons in their pasts have been neglected, the repetitions of the conflicts have placed their present in heavier consequences. Personal Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the latter analysis of the concept through the movie – The Crucible, it is possible to conclude the philosophical truth in the initial statement, â€Å"those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it.† In fact, the tragedies of the story have revolved in continuous successions of their role conflicts, particularly (1) John Proctor’s failure of recognizing his maltreatment actions over his subordinates, (2) Abigail William’s failure to realize the damages she have been implicating towards the coupe and eventually towards her community, and (3) Elizabeth Proctor’s trust issues towards her once unfaithful husband. Evidenced by the conflicts and tragedies of the story, the failure of actually realizing the decisions and activities that led to particular events possess greater possibility of occurrence in the future.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even in real life situations, from larger perspectives of society to personal experiences, negative events in the past most of the time occur in the present, especially when the primary cause/s of the problem is/are not determined. Learning from the events of the past is an essential preventive task in order to avoid the possibility of repeating the mistakes and wrong decisions created in the past. Some of the famous events that illustrate repetitive history due to the failure of undermining the triggers of these mistakes are (1) the events of World War I and its sequel – World War II, (2) Racial Civil war of Blacks and Whites leading to wide factional stereotypes which should have been resolved if the people in the past realized the indifferences only of skin and culture, (3) the bombarding of Pearl harbor to the deadly Hiroshima Bombing which should have been prevented if Japanese realize that the intents of the Pearl Harbor camp were not against the Japanese country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidently, the statement, â€Å"the violent encounters of the past contain valuable lessons about resolving the conflict†, can be considered a factual justification supporting the initial sentence discussed in latter portion. The happenings of the present largely depend on what has actually occurred in the past; hence, without realizing the lesions, the possible causes of mistakes, the triggers of downfall, and the fundamental wrong of acts in the past, the events of the past tend to repeat itself. Clearly, every happening in the past provide significant lessons, which can expose itself either directly or indirectly, and it is only up to humans to determine these potential resolutions. From the examples given in real-time setting, (1) World War II should have been prevented if the Japanese learned the powers of United States; (2) the Racial Civil war between Blacks and Whites should have been prevented if Whites did provide equal treatment towards Black people and based their judgment in the principles of humanity – not in the color of the skin; (3) Hiroshima Bombing should have been prevented if Japanese troops had not bombarded the pearl harbor base camps just because of an assumption of possible plan of attack plotted within the camp.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidently, resolutions are presented every time an incident or even when a simple outcome of decision occurs. From simple mistakes to larger scope of damages, resolutions are always born from decision that initiates an effect. From three different perspectives, the characters of John Proctor, Abigail Williams and Elizabeth Proctor, have performed actions in the past, which eventually hunted their present days.

Why Was The Constitution A Controversial Document Even As It Was Being Written?

The United States Constitution was written more than 200 years ago and it has been used as the foundation for the government. The constitution has been and still remains the most durable political agreement in the history of the world. Even though an inspiring document, its creation was not that easy but controversial. Its framers were divided over a number of major issues which led to lengthy arguments when it was being written.After its creation the Constitution still remains controversial. It has turned out to be the epicenter of Civil Rights activism, conflict between state sovereignty and national supremacy, questionable over universal healthcare as well as marriage controversy1. The compromises on the key issues that characterized its genesis are responsible for the controversy of the imperative document. From the beginning of its creation the constitution ideas were divided between the advocates.The advocates understood that that the constitution was an idea of the republican thinking, providing for a new level to the people’s elected government. On the other hand, the critics were convinced that the republicans aligned themselves in small political units, the states. The separation of powers between the central government and the state governments was thus a major controversy as the constitution document was being written and stands out as a crucial issue up to date. The delegates drafting the constitution encountered issues over the state representation.The delegates that were representing bigger states advocated for a population based representation while the delegates from smaller states thought an equal number of representatives for every state was fair leading to the Electoral College2. Despite the agreement, the not all parties were satisfied making it a controversy. The creation of the constitution was strongly debated as some prolific and influential leaders were opposed it. The issue of a two party system was another issue that sparked c ontroversy as the American constitution was being drafted. The delegates failed to accept that it was a two party system.This continued to create a growing rift among the advocates. It led to the separation between advocates for a large and stronger versus those for a small and a weak federal government. Slavery was another controversial issue in the drafting of the constitution. It was not about its abolition, but rather division on to which state the slaves would be counted to in working out a state’s population as well as the amount of property tax to be implemented over the owners3. The government decided to it would not interfere with the slave trade for no less than 20 years, but this move received opposition from the southern.Eventually, another controversy of the constitution was the issue of the citizenship. The written constitution did not clarify what composed citizenship. It did not also deliver the particular rights for a United States citizen4. These issues led to the controversy in the Bill of Rights. The Bill of rights still remains controversial due to the changing times. Conclusion As the constitution was being written ideas were divided between the advocates. The advocates understood that that the constitution was an idea of the republican thinking, providing for a new level to the people’s elected government.The delegates drafting the constitution encountered issues over the state representation. A two party system was another issue that sparked controversy, Slavery as well as issues concerning citizenship formed the controversy of the constitution was being drafted. The U. S. was controversial even as it was being written and will always remain controversial since compromises rise up with time. There are also several interests of various people that cannot be reconciled all of them without compromise.

Organizing an Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Organizing an - Essay Example Development, in this case, means the presentation of ideas. Grammar, word choice, vocabulary, and tone of voice dictate how an idea is presented. The effects of a poorly presented idea are irreparable. The development of writing skills can be broken down into four elements. The most important element that dictates a successful piece of writing is the composition of ideas. In the first essay, ideas were mixed up. There was neither flow nor fluency, though the idea was visible. I learned that the reader has to understand the idea through the writing. In addition, it was made clear to me by my instructor that whatever is in the mind during writing is only visible to the writer. Therefore, the writer has to bring out whatever is in the mind in a succinct manner for it to be visible to the reader. Sufficient progress was visible after I learned how to organize ideas in a way that the reader could understand whatever was in my mind. Firstly, I learned how to understand the context of the issue at hand. After understanding the context, the second step was to brainstorm the relevant ideas to come-up with a comprehensive arrangement of ideas. Information ought to be arranged in an order that makes the reader interested in reading the entire piece. Much progress was made in this section. I learned how to arrange an essay beginning with the thesis statement to notify the reader on the context of the piece. Good grades were sufficient evidence that the instructor was content with the essays from how well I presented the thesis statement. In addition, it was evident that a well-structured conclusion gave the instructor an idea of my opinion about the issue at hand. Therefore, significant progress was made on how to organize writing to represent my mind successfully. Paraphrasing was the main element of writing achieved.